LIBRARY  OF  PRINCETON 


SEP   16 


THEOLOGICAL  SEMINARY 


BS  1562  .H37  1905 

Bible. 

The  structure  of  the  text 

of 


THE  STRUCTUEE  OF  THE  TEXT  OF 
THE  BOOK  OF  HOSEA 


LIBRARY  OF  PRINCETON 


SEP  16 


THEOLOGICAL  SEMINARY 


BY 

WILLIAM   RAINEY   HARPER 

PEOFE9SOE  OF  SEMITIC  LANGUAGES   AND  LITERATURES  IN  THE 
UNIVERSITY  OF  CHICAGO 


CHICAGO 

THE  UNIVERSITY  OF   CHICAGO  PRESS 

1905 


Copyright  1905 
BY  WILLIAM  RAINEY  HARPER 


PREFATORY  NOTE 

The  aim  of  the  following  arrangement  of  the  text  of  Hosea  is  (1)  to  present  the 
strophic  structure  of  the  various  logical  units;  (2)  to  indicate  clearly  later  accretions; 
and  (3)  to  embody  such  emendations  as  seem  necessary  to  an  understanding  of  the 
original  thought. 

The  justification  of  the  modifications  here  presented  and  of  the  logical  divisions 
suggested  may  be  found  in  the  author's  Amos  ((ud  Hosea  ("International  Critical 
Commentary,"  1905),  where  are  presented  also  the  views  of  others  upon  the  logical  or 
strophic  structure.  In  those  cases  of  verbal  modification  which  are  supported  by 
other  students  of  the  text,  the  principal  authorities  are  here  cited. 

The  arrangement  of  the  Hebrew  text  has  already  appeared  in  the  American 
Journal  of  Semitic  Languages  and  Literatures,  Vol.  XVII  (1900),  pp.  1-15;  XX 
(1904),  pp.  85-91;  XXI  (1901),  pp.  1-21;  while  the  translation  appeared  in  the 
Biblical  World,  January,  1905.  But  it  has  seemed  worth  while  to  put  text  and 
translation  together,  and  to  issue  it  in  revised  form  as  a  companion  piece  to  the 
author's  recently  published  Structure  of  the  Text  of  the  Boole  of  Amos  (University  of 
Chicago  Press,  1904). 

The  translation  aims  to  follow  closely  the  Hebrew  idiom,  and  inasmuch  as  it  was 
important  to  have  text  and  translation  correspond  line  for  line,  the  idiom  is  sometimes, 
perhaps,  more  Hebraic  than  English. 

The  original  text  of  the  prophecy  is  printed  in  large  type,  explanatory  glosses  and 
other  later  additions  being  in  small  type  on  the  margin.  The  place  of  the  gloss  in  the 
Massoretic  text  is  indicated  by  a  star  (*),  except  [a)  where  the  gloss  is  an  entire  clause 
or  verse,  and  as  such  receives  a  verse  number  as  in  the  main  text,  and  (5)  within  later 
additions,  where  the  glosses  are  enclosed  in  parentheses.  Square  brackets  are  employed 
to  indicate  words  or  phrases  supposed  to  have  been  lost  from  the  Massoretic  text  and 
here  conjecturally  supplied.  Missing  lines  or  portions  of  lines,  that  cannot  be  restored, 
are  indicated  by  stars  (*****). 

The  following  abbreviations  are  employed :  f^QL  =  the  Massoretic  text ;  (3  =  the 
Septuagint  version;  IP  =  the  Vulgate;  C  =  the  Targum;  §>  =  the  Peshitto;  1  =  the 
Old  Latin  version. 


THE  STRUCTURE  OF  IHE  TEXT  OF  THE  BOOK 

OF  HOSEA 

5J1.    THE  SUPERSCRIPTION,  1:1 

"bx  T^'^r^  -irs   mrT^"im 

•'zb'a   n"^pTn"i  Tnx  cnT^ 

"■n  n3?n-i">  "iTa^m  n-nn-* 

§  2.  THE  HARLOTRY  OF  GOMER,  THE  PROPHET'S  WIFE,  1 : 2-9. 

d^jIDt  n"Ci<  -b-np  -|b   1:2 6, c  i 

>^  ^  n7jx''i  :  p  lb  -ibnn  nnni  D^bm-nn  n-^s-n.s  npn  -bn  3, 4 « 

vb«  nin^ 

bt^ynr  rr^r  j<^p     4  6.c  n 

bxynr  rjTn^^  ^mpsi 

5<in^  n^n-by 

:  b^^n•^2:^-n^3  nisb7j7j  ^nn-j:ni 

b^iTj;^-n"j;p-n«  ^nnn"j:i 
ib^cni"'  p7^yn 


lb  n:-i<n  ra  ibni  "iiy  ^nni 


6a 


Tiy  -"cii<  sb  ^i 


THE  STRUCTURE  OF  THE  TEXT  OF  THE  BOOK 

OF  HOSE A 


§  1.    THE  SUPERSCRIPTION,  1 : 1 


The  word  of  Yahweh  to  Hosea, 
the  son  of  Beeri,  in  the  days 
of  Uzziah,  Jotham,  Ahaz, 
and  Hezekiah,  kings  of  Ju- 
dah,  and  in  the  days  of 
Jeroboam,  son  of  Joash, 
king  of  Israel. 


§2.  THE  HARLOTRY  OF  GOMER,  THE  PROPHET'S  WIFE,  1:2-9 

1:2  a   In  the  beginning  when  Yahweh  spoke  with  Hosea,  Ya'hweh 
said  unto  Hosea: 

I       2  6,  c  Go,  take  to  thee  a  wife  of  whoredoms, 
And  children  of  whoredoms; 
For  the  land  goes  a-whoring 
From  after  Yahweh. 

3,4  a  And  he  went  and  took  Gomer,  the  daughter  of  Diblaim, 
and  she  conceived  and  bore  him  a  son.  And  Yahweh 
said  unto  him: 

II  4  6,  c  Call  his  name  Jezreel ; 

For  yet  a  little  while, 
And  I  will  avenge  the  blood  of  Jezreel 
Upon  the  house  of  Jehu, 

And  will  cause  the  kingdom  of  the  house  of  Israel 
to  cease. 
5        And  it  shall  come  to  pass  in  that  day, 
That  I  will  break  the  bow  of  Israel, 
In  the  valley  of  Jezreel. 

6a  And  she  conceived  again  and  she  bare  a  daughter;  and 
he  said  unto  him: 

III  6  6,  c  Call  her  name.  No-pity ; 

For  I  will  no  longer 
Have  pity  for  the  house  of  Israel, 
That  I  should  at  all  forgive  them. 

5 


The  Minor  Prophets 


n"'Dic2  n'onb'aa'i  nnnm 


^T^sn  :-p  nbm  inni  n-crn  i<b-ni<  b:^:ni     s 
^')2y'ifb  ri'^  «np      9     iv 


§3.    THE  PURCHASE  OF  GOMER  AS  A  SLAVE,  AND  HER  RETENTION 

"MANY   DAYS,"  3:1-5 

r;'j35<  ZmX  -b  IV 
b&^nir-'-'in-nj^  nin^  nnnxD 
:  D"nj>'  ^-aj^'i-i^  ^^"^<^ 
"CD  ^iry  niT'^rn  ^b  n^sxi      2 

^b  ^-irn  D^nn  nr^-" 
■j:^«b  ^^nn  5<bi  ^:Tn  &<b 


b^^^'^r^  ^:n  in-:;"' 

nn::-j  7&<i  nzT  -"j^i 

bs-iTDi    "^in   ims"'    inx  5 
""bs  mnsT  DDb-o  T'lTnxi 


III 


'Reading   thus   for   DDb   of    iBLff.    So   also   Graetz,  -'^3*'^N>  is  suggested  liore  instead  of  the  i&E  IjS  ;  an 

Emendationes,  etc.  (1893) ;  Wem.hausen  ;  Loftman,  Kritisk  exact  i)aralJel  for  tliis  construction  is  found  in  (Jen.  31 :  5  = 

UndersOknhig  af  den  Masoretiska  Texten  till  Pro/eten  Ho-  iby  "I'^iV  "13  . 
seas  Bok  (1894) ;  Nowack,  Oettm,  Hal^vy,  Marti. 


HOSEA  7 

7  But  I  will  have  pity  upon  the 
house   of   Judah,  and  will 

8      And  she  weaned  No-pity,  and  conceived  and  bore  a  son.        deliver  them  by  Yahweh 

.       T   1             .  ■,  their  God ;   and  I  will  not 

Ana  lie  said:  deliver  them  by  bow,   nor 

-  -.                                                                                                       by    sword,    nor    by    equip- 

IV          9           Call  Ins  name,   Not-my-people;                                                                    ment,  nor  by  horses,  nor  by 


For  ye  are  not  my  people, 
And  I  am  not  your  God. 


horsemen. 


§3.  THE  PURCHASE  OF  GOMER  AS  A  SLAVE,  AND  HER  RETENTION  "MANY 

DAYS,"  3:1-5 

I    3:1         And  Yahweh  said  unto  me: 

Once  more  go  love  (this)  woman, 
Beloved  of  a  paramour,  and  an  adulteress, 
As  Yahweh  loves  the  sons  of  Israel, 
Although  they  turn  to  other  gods. 
And  are  lovers  of  cakes  of  grapes. 

II       2        And  so  I  bought  her  to  me  for  fifteen  pieces  of  silver. 
And  a  homer  of  barley  and  a  lethek  of  barley; 
3        And  I  said  to  her: 

Many  days  shalt  thou  sit  still  for  me; 

Thou  shalt  not  play  the  harlot,  and  thou  shalt  not 

have  a  husband; 
Nor  will  I  be  thine. 

in       4        For  it  is  through  many  days. 

That  the  sons  of  Israel  shall  sit  still, 
Without  king  and  without  prince, 
Without  sacrifice  and  without  pillar. 
Without  ephod  and  teraphim. 

5  Afterward  the  sons  of  Israel 
shall  return  and  seek  Yah- 
weh their  God,  and  David 
their  king,  and  they  shall 
tremble  before  Yahweh  and 
his  goodness  in  the  end  of 
the  days. 


8 


The  Minor  Prophets 


4.     ISRAEL'S    HARLOTRY   AND    HER    PUNISHMENT    THEREFOR,    2:4-7,   10-14, 

15,  19 


:n'J2n  z"^:i:t  ■':3""'D 


bynb  iiry* 


12^T    D:-i<n    12^"1      2:   4a,c  I 


D"::i<  nn:T  ^d 

nb  "nn:  ^rci^  ■'S 
:*nrtTi  nb  ^n^n-^n  rc^i 


II 


nnbnms  nb^x  nnri  12 
•^zns'a  ^b  nrr,:  -nrs* 


:>":    Sinn   DT^n    rrrn  is 
:  ^byn  -ny  ^b  ■'snpn 


11      III 


u 


in^'n  ^]jT  ^nnpbi  nrl•^^  -pb 

:nnrmw^  niciT'b 

*^b  rr^n  r;:ni<  n^-ix  t::^^ 

:  Tiiv:n  n^n  onb^jii 
r;:.r:  rri-rr^  b^^  ^nz-i-ni     13     iv 

Dnb  n^r:pn  n"i-j< 

n^nn^-^  -nrs  -bni 
;nin^-DX]  nr.r-r  ^nxi 


HOSEA 


9 


4.     ISRAEL'S    HARLOTRY    AND    HER    PUNISHMENT    THEREFOR,    2:2-5,    8-12, 
13,  17    [Hebrew:   2:4-7,  10-14,  15,  19] 


I  2:  2a      Strive  with  your  mother,  strive. 

2c,d  That  she  put  away  her  whoredoms  from  her  face, 

And  her  adulteries  from  between  her  breasts; 
3        Lest  I  strip  her  naked. 

And  set  her  as  in  the  day  of  her  birth, 
And  make  her  like  the  wilderness, 
And  set  her  like  dry  land, 
And  slay  her  with  thirst. 

II       5        For  their  mother  has  become  a  harlot. 

She  that  conceived    them  has  behaved  shamefully, 

for  she  said: 
I  will  go  after  my  lovers. 
Who  give  me  my  bread  and  my  water 
My  wool  and  my  flax,  my  oil  and  my  drink. 
8        For  she  has  not  understood, 
That  it  was  I  who  gave  her 
The  corn  and  the  wine  and  the  oil. 
And  multiplied  her  silver  and  gold.* 

Ill       9        Therefore  I  will  take  back  again  my  corn  in  its  time, 

And  my  wine  in  its  season, 

And  I  will  rescue  my  wool  and  my  flax. 

Given  to  cover  her  nakedness. 
12 a,  ft  And  I  will  lay  waste  her  vines  and  her  fig  trees, 

Of  which  she  has  said:  these  are  my  rewards. 
i2d,  e  And  I  will  make  them  a  thicket. 

And  the  beasts  of  the  field  shall  eat  them. 


2  b  For  she  is  not  my  wife. 
And  I  am  not  her  husband. 


4  Anduponher  children  I  will 
have  no  mercy, 
Because  they  are  the  chil- 
dren of  whoredom. 


*  which  they  have  used  for  the 
Baal. 


10  And  now  I  will  uncover  her 
shame 
In  the  presence  of  her  lovers, 
And  none  shall  deliver  her 
out  of  my  hand. 
12  c  Which    my    lovers    have 
given  me. 


IV        11 


13 


17 


And  I  will  also  cause  to  cease  all  her  mirth,  her  feasts, 
Her  new  moon  and  her  sabbaths  and  all  her  festal 

assemblies ; 
And  I  will  visit  upon  her  the  days  of  the  Baalim, 
In  which  she  made  offering  to  them, 
And  decked  herself  with  her  earrings  and  her  jewels. 
And  went  after  her  lovers, 
And  forgot  me;  it  is  the  oracle  of  Yahweh. 
And  I  will  remove  the  names  of  the  Baalim  from 

her  mouth. 
And  they  shall  no  more  be  mentioned  by  their  names. 


16  And  it  shall  be  at  that  day, 
it  is  the  oracle  of  Yahweh, 
thou  shalt  call  me  Ishi,  and 
shalt  call  me  no  more  Baali. 


10 


The  Minor  Prophets 


§  5.    LATER  VOICES   DESCRIBING   ISRAEL'S   RETURN   TO   YAHWEH,  2 : 8,  9,  16, 

17,  20-25,  1-3 

A.    ISRAEL'S  RETURN,  2:8.  9 

D^n-cn  'nr"--ni<  --i— ;:n  -pb  2=8 

■p-i'^^^n  ^■i•"^5  bj5  nzvi-i^i  n^b^^ 

invirc  75<  "b  nit:  ^s 


B.    ISRAEL'S  RESTORATION   TO  FAVOR,  2:16,  17 

n^ns^j  "-:x  r;:n  pb  2=16 
:  riab-by  "n"a-n  ^m-^n  n^n.bm 

nw-2  nri^^-n.s  nb  "nn:i     n 
nipn  nnsb  nis^"  p'^y-n5<i 

:D^nrj  v^jj^-i  nniby  dv^i 


'1  rECTSDT  pnrn* 


C.    YAHWEH'S  COVENANT  AND  BETROTHAL,  2:20-22 

^^inn  or 2  n^^n  onb  ^nn^i  2:20 

■pj<n--7j  niT^^j^  n"^nb--i  n^m  n'::pi 
Dbi:?b  ^b  -^n"^^i<i  :  nr^nb  D^nzD-i-ni     -'i 

:  n"-:n^2i  ncrz  *^b  yn^^si 
:nin^-n5<  m-in  nzr^j^n  ^b  -;"n':;n^<i     22 


■^n  instead  of  "^  ;  so  (5,  S  ;  also  Ooet,  op.  cit.,  p.  333;  testament Uche  Untersuchungen,\o\.  I,  p.  11,  reads  rT^SII  ; 

Graetz,    op.  cit.;    VVellhacsen,    Loftman,    Guthe,    in  so  Nowack;  this  is  favored  by  S,  E,  and  the  following 

Kautzsch's  Heilige  Schrift  des  Alten  Testaments;  G.  A.  nTll^Ti:  • 
Smith,  op.  cit.,  p.  245;  Oettli;  Marti.    Bachmann,  All- 


HOSEA  11 

5.    LATER  VOICES   DESCRIBING   ISRAEL'S  RETURN  TO   YAHWEH,  2:6.  7,  14, 
15,  18-23 ;    1 :  10—2  : 1   [Hebrew  :   2  : 8,  9,  16,  17,  20  25,  1-3] 

A.    ISRAEL'S  RETURN,  2:6,  7 

2:  6        Therefore,  behold,  I  am  going  to  hedge  up  her  way 

with  thorns. 
And   build   her  a  wall,  that   she  may  not  find  her 

paths ; 
7        And  she  will   pursue  her   lovers   and  not  overtake 

them ; 
And  she  will  seek  them  and  not  find  them,  and  will 

say: 
Let  me  go  and  return  to  my  former  husband, 
For  it  was  better  with  me  then,  than  now, 

B.    ISRAEL'S  RESTORATION  TO  FAVOR,  2:14,  15 

2:14        Therefore,  behold,  I  am  going  to  allure  her, 

And  bring  her  into  the  wilderness;  and  I  will  speak 
to  her  heart; 
15        And  I  will  give  to  her  from  there  her  vineyards, 
And  the  valley  of  Achor  for  a  door  of  hope. 
And  there  she  shall  respond  as  in  the  days  of  her 

youth. 
And  as  in  the  day  when  she  came  up  from  the  land 
of  Egypt. 

C.    YAHWEH'S  COVENANT  AND  BETROTHAL,  2:18-20 

2:18        And  I  will  make  for  them  a  covenant  in  that  day, 

With  the  beasts  of  the  field  and  the  fowl  of  the 

heavens  and  the  creeping  things  of  the  earth. 
And  the  bow  and  the  sword  and  war  I  will  break  out 

of  the  land; 

19  And  I  will  make  them  lie  down  in  safety.     Yea,  I 

will  betroth  thee  to  me  forever, 
Yea,  I  will  betroth  thee  to  me*  in  kindness  and  in     *  in  righteousness  and  in  judg- 
mercy  •"'^"*- 

20  Yea,  I  will  betroth  thee  to  me  in  faithfulness,  and 

thou  shalt  know  Yahweh, 


12  The  Minor  Prophets 


D.    BOUNTEOUS  BLESSINGS  FOR  ISRAEL,  2:23-25 


^Tir^  nrz  r-rn^  2=23     i 

■p^^a  ^b  ri^n^nii     25 

ir>2'rr\  j^b-n^  ^n^^nm  m 

nni<-^72y  rj3?-&<bb  ^nn7jsi 
^nb5<  n:it5^  ^51^1 


E.    GREAT  NUMBERS  AND  NEW  NAMES,  2:1-3 

D^n  bin::  bs^-^r^-^ra  nsc:^  rrrr\  2=  i     i 
^sc^  «bi  T^^-j5b  nirj^ 
Dni<  ^7j3?-«b  onb  ^'2)ic  n-jj«  oip^^n  n^m 
pn-bi<  ^3n  nnb  n:jj<^ 


nn^  b^^n-^r^  ^:ni  min^-^n  innp:^      2     n 
pi5<n-p  ibs^'i  nnj^  "i'i^n  onb  rjiri 


:bic"n7^  or  bn:*  ^d 


3 


§6.    YAHWEH'S    COXTEXTIOX   WITH    ISRAEL   ON   ACCOUNT    OF    SINS 
ENCOURAGED  BY  THE  PRIESTS,  4:1-19 

nin^  ^m  ^tz"^  4: 1 
bsnir-'  ^Dn 
nin^b  n^n  ^5 

:-pxn  D^nbi^  nyi-fsi 


HOSEA  13 


D.  BOUNTEOUS  BLESSINGS  FOR  ISRAEL,  2:21-23 

I  2:21        And  it  shall  come  to  pass  in  that  day, 

That  I  will  respond,  it  is  the  oracle  of  Yahweh, 

I  will  respond  to  the  heavens, 

And  they  shall  respond  to  the  earth. 

II      22        And  the  earth  shall  respond  to  the  corn, 
And  the  wine  and  the  oil; 
And  they  shall  respond  to  Jezreel. 
23a      And  I  will  sow  her  unto  me  in  the  land. 

Ill      23  6-cf  And  I  will  have  pity  upon  the  unpitied  one  (No-pity), 
And    I   will    say   to    Not-my-people:    thou    art    my 

people ; 
And  they  will  say:  thou  art  my  God. 

E.  GREAT  NUMBERS  AND  NEW  NAMES,  1:10-2:1 

I  1:10        And  the  number  of  the  children  of  Israel  shall  be  as 

the  sand  of  the  sea, 
Which  cannot  be  measured  nor  numbered. 
And  instead  of  its  being  said  to  them:  Ye  are  "not 

my  people," 
They  shall  be  called,  "the  sons  of  the  living  God." 

II      11        And  the  children  of  Judah  and  the  children  of  Israel 
shall  be  gathered  together. 
And  they  shall  appoint  for  themselves  one  head,  and 

they  shall  go  up  out  of  the  land. 
For  great  shall  be  the  day  of  Jezreel. 
2:  1        Say  ye  to  your  brother,  "my  people,"  and  to  your 
sister,  "compassionated." 


§6.    YAHWEH'S    CONTENTION   WITH    ISRAEL    ON    ACCOUNT   OF    SINS 
ENCOURAGED  BY   THE  PRIESTS,   4:1-19 

I  4:  1        Hear  the  word  of  Yahweh, 
O  children  of  Israel; — 
Yahweh  has  a  contention 
With  the  inhabitants  of  the  land; 
For  there  is  no  truth,  nor  love, 
Nor  knowledge  of  God  in  the  land; 


14 


The  Minor  Prophets 


-s:i  z:3i  n:m  •zr.'z^  r;bx 

•pxn  busn  -p-by 
nn  n^v  bs  bb^^xi 

DT^irn  rpyni  m-i-n  n^m 


:t:2b^  7n^-^<b  Dyi 

^b  -Hj^j  '-jc^^/^i^i 
ynbx  nnin  n^-^ni 


II 


14(1 


■•b" 


<  For  Tan  of  iHC  ;  so  (5,  Beck,  BOckel,  Wellhausen, 
Bachmann,  Ruben,  G.  A.  Smith,  Nowack,  Oettli,  ct  al. 

^For  ■i3''"l'0D  of  iHC;  so  Beck,  BOckel,  Mosapp 
{ZA  \V.,  Vol.  V,  p.  185),  G.  A.  Smith,  Oettli. 

6  Cf.  G.  A.  Smith,  who  also  joins  'ir\2  with  vs.  '>  as  a 
vocative,  while  Beck  reads  "jriDn  as  a  vocative  at  tlio  end 
of  vs.  4. 

"  So  Wellhausen,  Nowack,  Oettli,  Marti.  Note  the 
absence  of  tlie  article  in  tlio  correspondiiiK  nb"^b  and  the 
difficulty  of  rendering  Ql^n  by  day,  as  the  context  roijuires. 


*ist2n  -p  Dn-^D      7     III 
:'"iTrn  -ibpn  mini 

rsnn  rb:?  "mpsi 
nb  n^'i"«  rbby7ji 
lyn-::''  i^bi  ibDSl     10 

:'-h7-:^b]  inT>"  nin-'-ni<-^D 

lb  Tj^  ibpn 

"So  many  MSS.  and  naost  commentators.  'JSDS'DiiT 
of  iHiE  is  a  copyist's  error. 

1" So  5,  ST;  andGEioER,  Urtext,  p. S16;  RovTan A,  Theolo- 
gi.tch  TijViscfcrt/^,  Vol.  IX,  p.60;Oort;Valeton;  Ruben  ;  G. 
.A..  Smith;  Marti;  c/.  Buhl.  Zeitschrift  fUr  kirchliche  Wis- 
senschaft,  1881,  pp.  227  sg.    iHST,  T^'JOX  .  is  unsuitable  here. 

"So  (5;  and  Wellhausen,  Oort,  Valeton,  Bach- 
.maxn,  Nowack.    iHJT, '12I'1D'^<  is  unintolligiblo  hero. 

•'•iTliis  ouglit  perhaps  to  be  omitted;  for  (1)  it  is  super- 
fluous to  the  sense  and  rhythm,  (2)  no  other  case  occurs  of 
b  with  the  infinitive  following  2T7  • 


HOSEA  15 

2  But  swearing  and  lying  and  killing  and  stealing  and 

committing  adultery; 
They  break  into  (houses),  blood  striking  blood. 

3  Therefore  the  land  mourns, 

And  every  denizen  in  it  languishes. 

Even  to  the  beasts  of  the  field  and  the  fowl  of  the 

heavens, 
While  even  the  fish  of  the  sea  are  taken  away. 

II       4        Still  let  none  find  fault. 
And  let  none  reprove, 

Since  my  people  are  but  like  their  priestlings; 
14  e      Yea,  a  people  stupid  (and)  falling  to  ruin. 

5  O  priest,  thou  shalt  fall  by  day. 

And  the  prophet  also  shall  fall  with  thee, 
And  by  night  I  will  destroy  thy  mother. 

6  My  people  will  be  destroyed  by  reason  of  their  lack 

of  knowledge. 
Because  thou  hast  rejected  knowledge, 
I  reject  thee  from  being  priest  to  me; 
And  because  thou  hast  forgotten  the  law  of  thy  God, 
I  will  forget  thy  children,  even  I. 

Ill       7        According  to  their  number  so  they  sin*;  *againstme. 

They  have  exchanged  their  glory  for  shame. 

8  They  feed  on  the  sin  of  my  people. 

And  unto  their  iniquity  they  lift  up  their  souls. 

9  And  so  it  becomes  like  people,  like  priest: 
And  I  will  visit  punishment  upon  his  ways, 
And  his  deeds  I  will  requite  to  him. 

10        And  they  shall  eat  and  not  find  satisfaction. 

And  they  shall  commit  adultery  and  not  find  satis- 
faction : 

For  they  have  left  off  heeding  Yahweh. 
12 a, 6  Yea,  my  people  ask  counsel  at  their  wood; 

Their  staff  declares  to  them  the  oracle. 


16 


The  Minor  Prophets 


n52i  mis  ^D* 


*nb5<i  n;nbi  -pbs  nnn 

hd^jTH  ^d  DS^ni:n-b3?  nipss-^b 
-:si<:n  ^d  DS^nibD-byi 


11  IV 

12  c,d 


14  a,b,c 


min^  D"j:'H^-bj< 

b3b:n  1^5nn-bx1 

■1^^  n^n  ibyn-bxi 

:-m7::n  ^nsD  nin^  Dn"*  nn:? 

i3Tn  riDTn  ''o^xnb  nb 
in^Dsi:  -ibp'^hnnx 


16 


19 


i^For  nynn  of  SEE;  so  S,  F,  and  Geaetz,  Bach- 
MANx,  RuBKN,  Wellhausen,  Nowack,  Ooet,  Oettli, 
Hal^vy. 

i*This  insertion  is  justified  by  the  parallelism  which 
calls  for  the  name  of  a  town  in  this  lino,  and  by  the  analogy 
of  Amos  5:5;  8:14.  So  Wellhausen  and  Nowack.  Note 
also  the  paronomasia  in  the  lino  as  roconstnictod. 

15  So  HouTS.MA,  Theologisch  Tijdxchrift,  Vol.  IX,  p.  60; 
Wellhausen;  Oettli;  Marti.  ^2C,  DXDO  "10.  defies 
interpretation, 


ifiOmit  13ri  of  iHE  with  (S,  S,  F,  and  some  Hebrew 
MSS. ;  soalsoSErKER,  Datiie,  KuinOl,  Newcome,  Hitzig, 
OoRT,  Valeton,  Guthe,  (ikaetz,  Ruben,  G.  A.  Smith, 
Nowack,  Hal^vy,  et  al. 

HFor  DniniT'Q  of  iHiir;  so  S,  E,  Old  Latin,  Arabic, 
and  Wellhausen,  Winckler  iUntcr.iuchungcn),  Bach- 
MANN,  OoRT,  Valeton,  Ruben,  Guthe,  Nowack,  David- 
son (Hastings's  Dictionary  of  tlw  Bible,  Vol.  11,  p.  425), 
Oettli,  Marti.  H^T  tloos  not  form  a  plural  with  the 
feminine  ending.    Cf.  8 :  11. 


HOSEA  17 

IV      11         Harlotry  and  new  wine  take  away  the  brain, 
i2c,d   For  the  spirit  of  harlotry  has  led  them  astray, 

And  they  have  played  the  harlot  from  under  their 
God. 
13        Upon  the  tops  of  the  mountains  they  sacrifice, 
And  upon  the  hills  they  make  offerings. 

Under  oaks  and  poplars  and  terebinths.*  *because  good  is  their  shade. 

Therefore  your  daughters  commit  harlotry, 
And  your  spouses  commit  adultery. 
ua-d  I  will  not  punish  your  daughters  because  they  com- 
mit harlotry; 
Nor  your  spouses  because  they  commit  adultery; 
For  they  themselves  with  harlots  go  astray, 
And  with  consecrated  harlots  they  sacrifice. 

V      15        Although  thou,  O  Israel,  play  the  harlot, 
Let  Judali  not  become  guilty. 
Come  not  to  Gilgal, 
Nor  go  up  to  Beth-aven; 

And    swear    not,    in    Beersheba,    "By    the    life    of 
Yahweh." 

16  Yea,  like  a  stubborn  heifer,  Israel  acts  stubbornly. 
Can  Yahweh  now  feed  them  like  a  lamb  in  a  broad 

place  ? 

17  Ephraim  is  wedded  to  idols;  leave  him  alone. 

18  A  band  of  topers !  they  devote  themselves  to  harlotry. 
Her  rulers  have  fallen  in  love  with  shame. 

19  A  wind  has  enwrapped  her  in  its  wings, 
And  they  will  be  ashamed  of  their  altars. 


18 


The  Minor  Prophets 


§7.    THE  GUILT  OF   PRIESTS  AND  PRINCES,  5:1-14 

nsrjb  Dn^^n  ns-^^ 
mnn-b:?  nirrs  nim 

:Dbsb  xrj  ''7x1 

^3-::"2  nn^o-^^b  bxnir-i 

D^^sx  n^DTH  ''nn«  ^d 

:  b^iTC'  'i<?^t:D 

Qn-^bb3?7j  iDn-'  s<b      4     n 
nn^nbs-b^^  nrjjb 

:iyn^  ^b  nin^-n^^i 
Vjsn  bsn"j;^-"p!j^3  nj3?i      5 

D-iipnaT  n:ssn*  nin^-n>^  ^pnb  *iib^      e 

:nn7j  ybn  i5<rj^-«bi 

:Dn"pbn-n5<  'j:nn  nb^^^^  nn:? 


"bx-n^nn  ir^n 

n^nn  n^j'j^b  n^nss 

nnDin  nrn 

:n":5<D  "^nmn  bj^^-::-'  ^t^nirn 


III 


11  For  iHil  D'^PIP  ni2mBl  ;  so  Umbeeit,  Well- 
HAUSEN,  C'hetne  (CambiiiiKd  Hihlo),  Ruben,  G.  A.  Smith, 
NowACK,  OoRT,  Marti;  c/.  Valeton. 

i!>For  iHiS:  i;XT  ;  so  Cheyne,  op.  cit. 

2rtFor  iHJE  npy  ;  so  Wellhausen  and  Oettli. 

21  iH  JT,  'TIX  n^3 .  is  a  later  term  of  reproach  applied  to 


Bothol ;  so  HiTZiG,  Wei.lhausen,  and  Nowack.  The  inser- 
tion of  the  preposition  is  justified  by  the  parallels  in  the 
two  preceding  linos. 

22  Cf.  (5  and  Old  Latin ;  so  Wellhadsen,  Graetz, 
Ruben,  Nowack,  Oort,  Marti.  {BE,  T^inK.  yields  no 
satisfactory  meaning. 


HOSEA  19 

§7.    THE   GUILT  OF   PRIESTS   AND  PRINCES,  5:1-14 

I    5:1        Hear  this,  O  priests. 

And  hearken,  O  house  of  Israel, 
And,  O  house  of  the  king,  give  ear; 
Because  for  you  is  the  judgment. 
For  a  snare  ye  have  become  at  Mizpah, 
And  a  net  spread  on  Tabor. 

2  The  pit  of  Shittim  they  have  made  deep. 
And  there  is  no  correction  for  any  of  them. 

3  I  know  Ephraim, 

And  Israel  is  not  hid  from  me. 

Yea,  thou,  O  Ephraim,  hast  played  the  harlot; 

Israel  is  defiled. 

II       4        Their  doings  do  not  permit  them 
To  return  to  their  God: 
For  the  spirit  of  harlotry  is  within  them. 
And  Yahweh  they  do  not  know. 

5  And  the  pride  of  Israel  shall  testify  to  his  face. 

And  Ephraim*  shall  stumble  in  his  guilt.  *and  Israel. 

Judah  also  shall  stumble  with  them. 

6  They  will  go  to  seek  Yahweh*  *With  their  flocks  and  with 

And  they  will  not  find  him — he  has  withdrawn  from 
them. 

7  They  have  dealt  faithlessly  with  Yahweh, 
For  they  have  begotten  strange  children : 

The  (next)  new  moon  may  destroy  them  with  their 
portions. 

Ill       8        Blow  the  trumpet  in  Gibeah, 
The  cornet  in  Ramah; 
Cry  aloud  in  Bethel; 
Make  Benjamin  to  tremble. 
9        Ephraim  shall  become  a  desolation, 
In  the  day  of  punishment. 

Against  Israel's  tribes  I  make  known  that  which  is 
sure. 


20 


The  Minor  Prophets 


t:5"j:/j  '"'pin  D^nsx  "p-ucij'     n 
: ''M1l2:-^-l^^<  ibn  b^j<^n"^D 


rbn-nx  n^^ss  5<nn 

nrJ:^5-b^^  nn£i<  -jbn 

nT  -jb■J-b^^  '-''Lb^^n-:;^]  nbir^l 

DDb  i^snb  bDV  &<b  u^im 

mrj  Dj"^  -''nn:r-«bT 

n^ns,v<b  bniTD  ^Dj«  ^s 

'"b&<nir^  n^nb  n^sSDi 


12 


14 


IV 


§8.     ISRAEL'S    FITFUL    REPENTANCE    IS    INSUFFICIENT    TO    REMOVE    THE 
GUILT   WHICH   IS   MANIFEST   TO   ALL,   5:15—7:7 

■'^jip^^-bi^  nnri:5^  -b^^  5=15     i 

:  ■'jsnn'j:^  onb  1:^2 
nin^-bs  nnrj::i  isb  *'[n-2sb]  6=  1 

^wbwn  Dm  Drj^7j  irn^ 
rssb  n"n:i  ir^p'^ 


2:t^E,  rTlin^,  lifire  and  in  vss.  12  sqq.  and  5:4  is  a 
later  substitute  for  bSlTU'';  so  Marti,  Geschichte  der 
isruelitigchen  Religion^,  p.  119,  and  Encyclopadia  Biblica, 
col.  2122  ;  and  Nowack. 

2^So  ffi  and  Old  Latin;  and  Oort,  Valeton,  Well- 
HAUSEN,  Nowack,  Oettli.  iHJE  points  both  participles  as 
passives,  but  this  renders  the  syntax  rou(,'li  and  irregular. 

2&So  (5,  S,  ST,  Old  Latin;  and  Dathe,  Bauer,  Steiner, 
Si.MaoN,  Cheyne  (Cambridgo  Bible),  Oort,  Graetz,  Ruben, 
Loftman,  Guthe,  G.  a.  Smith,  Nowack,  Oettli,  Marti. 
jWSC,  12 1  is  unintelligible. 

26  See  note  23. 

27  The  parallelism  requires  the  insertion  of  a  subject  for 
n^CI,  and  "Israel"  is  bettor  than  "Judah;"  so  Bach- 


MANN,  Nowack,  and  Cheyne  (Encyclopaedia  Biblica,  col. 
2331);  for  contrary  view  see  KuinOl,  Sayce  {Babylonian 
and  Oriental  Record,  Vol.  II,  p.  21),  Wellhausen,  Oettli, 
and  Hal^vy. 

2.'<^JJ,  nn^'^;  but  since  HH^  is  intransitive  in  Syriac, 
it  is  bettor  to  point  as  Hiph'il;  so  Wellhausen,  Nowack, 
Bachmann,  Oettli,  Marti. 

29So  Wellhausen,  Nowack,  Oettli,  Marti.  i&E 
I'Q'ICS^  ;  but  ncntlior  of  the  meanings  of  this  verb  is  suit- 
able hero.    Cf.  <5,  F,  and  Old  Latin. 

3«Suppliedby  «5  and  S. 

31  So  55;  and  Wellhausen,  Bachmann,  G.  A.  Smith, 
Nowack,  Oettli,  Marti.    iHJT,  ^t,  is  without  analogy. 


HOSEA  21 


10  The  princes  of  Israel  have  become 
Like  landmark  removers: 

Upon  them  I  will  pour  out  my  wrath  like  water. 

11  Ephraim    practices    oppression!      He    breaks    down 

right ! 
Because  he  has  determined  to  go  after  vanity, 

IV      12        And  it  is  I  who  am  like  a  moth  to  Ephraim, 
Like  rottenness  to  the  house  of  Israel. 

13  And  so  Ephraim  saw  his  sickness, 
And  Israel  his  sore; 

And  Ephraim  went  to  Assyria, 

And  Israel  sent  to  king  Jareb; 

But  he  cannot  heal  you. 

Nor  will  he  relieve  you  of  your  wound. 

14  For  I  myself  will  be  like  a  lion  to  Ephraim, 
And  like  a  young  lion  to  the  house  of  Israel. 
I,  even  I,  will  rend  and  get  me  away; 

I  will  carry  off  and  none  shall  rescue. 


8.     ISRAEL'S    FITFUL    REPENTANCE    IS    INSUFFICIENT    TO    REMOVE    THE 
GUILT  WHICH  IS  MANIFEST  TO  ALL:    5:15—7:7 

I  5:15        I  will  return  again  to  my  place. 

Until  they  are  confounded  and  seek  my  face. 
In  their  distress  they  will  seek  me. 
6:  1        (Saying)  come,  let  us  turn  unto  Yahweh, 
For  he  has  torn  that  he  may  heal  us, 
And  he  has  smitten  that  he  may  bind  us  up. 
2        He  will  revive  us  after  two  or  three  days; 

He  will  establish  us  that  we  may  live  before  him. 


22 


The  Minor  Prophets 


nin^-nj^  nyib  nsn^s  widi 


4  II 


b  "T'ip  niD  mini"D3  ii« 


n^nn  i-^n:?  mi<D  n^jni 

"pi^  ^b3?s  n^np  n3?b: 
:  D-:j  nnpy 

:  bi^n-iT^  J<7::t2D 


III 


32  So  GiESEBEECHT,  Beitrdge  zur  Jesaiakritik,  p.  208; 
Wellhausen  ;  Smend,  Alttestanientliche  Religionsge- 
schichte,  p.  210;  Valeton;  (i.  A.  Smith;  Nowack;  Marti; 
Ooet;  c/.  Ruben.    iH2C"|l33  iniDD- 

■'■i  So  (5  ami  Old  Latin,  aud  authorities  cited  in  note  32. 

34  So  «S,  <S,  SebOk,  Pebles  (.Analekten,  p.  90),  Nowack, 
Ooet,  Oettli,  Maeti.    iHC,  H"!!^- 

30  See  note  23. 

36So  ffi,  5,  and  Old  Latin;  and  Dathe,  Bauee, 
RosenmUllee,  Hitzig,  Ewald,  Simson,  Keil,  WUn- 
scHE,  Nowack,  \V.  R.  Smith  (Prophets,  p.  ;389),  Okelm, 
(jHEyne  (Cambridge  Bible),  Ooet,  Bachmann,  Well- 
hausen, Geaetz,  Valeton,  Ruben,  Guthe,  (J.  A.  Smith, 


Oettli,  Hal^vy.    M^,  IIS  T^TSSTCQ.  is  evidently  an 
error. 

37  So  (5  and  Old  Latin;  and  Ruben;  c/.  Gaednee  (^nier- 
ican  Journal  of  Semitic  Languages  and  Literatures.,  Vol. 

XVIII, p.  180).  iHJT, inn. 

3»  The  unusual  use  of  the  maqqcph  hero  has  often  been 
noted.  It  furnishes  strong  traditional  support  for  the 
arrangement  of  the  line  hero  adopted. 

3'JSo  Wellhausen,  Preuschen  {ZA  \V.,  Vol.  XV,  p.  30), 
Ruben,  Ooet,  Nowack,  Oettli.    Cf.  lO:!.")  and  Amos  5:6. 

<uSo  Wellhausen,  Pbeuschen  {loc.  cit.),  Nowack, 
Oettli.  This  is  better  than  iHJL,  b  P^IT;  cf.  fT^STn.  5:3, 
where  the  same  statement  is  made. 


HosEA  23 

3        Yea,  let  us  know,  let  us  be  zealous  to  know  Yahweh. 
When  we  seek  him,  then  we  shall  find  him ; 
And  he  will  come  as  the  winter  rain  to  us, 
As  the  spring  rain  which  waters  the  earth. 

II       4        What  can  I  make  of  you,  O  Ephraim! 
What  can  I  make  of  you,  O  Israel ! 
Since  your  love  is  like  a  morning-cloud. 
Yea,  like  the  dew  which  early  goes  away. 
********** 

5  Therefore  I  have  hewn  them  by  the  prophets, 
I  have  slain  them  by  the  words  of  my  mouth, 
And  my  judgment  is  like  the  light  which  goes  forth. 

6  For  it  is  love  that  I  delight  in  and  not  sacrifice; 
Yea,  knowledge  of  God,  and  not  burnt-offerings. 

Ill       7        But  they  like  men  have  transgressed  the  covenant; 
There  they  have  betrayed  me. 

8  Gilead  is  a  city  of  evil-doers, 
Tracked  with  bloody  foot -prints. 

9  And  as  bandits  lie  in  wait  for  a  man. 
The  priests  hide  themselves  on  the  road. 

They  murder  those  going  to  Shechem,  yea,  villainy 
they  commit. 
10        In  Bethel  I  have  seen  a  horrible  thing, 

There,  Ephraim,  thou  hast  played  the  harlot; 

Israel   is  defiled.  ll  a  Judah,  for  thee   also  is 

set  a  harvest. 


24 


The  Minor  Prophets 


Dn  1713  -n:n  ^12D  ■»  "^.  i> 


*****  bsT::^b  ''  "j^snn 

■pnn  ^in:;  t:"j:3 

nnnbn  ''iT^y^  bni 

"n^DT  omn  biD 

Dn"bby:^  nin:nc  nny 

Vn   ^j3   133 

D-'Si^j"^  Dbs  D^nir  on^'j^nsni 

ibnn  I35b7j  di^ 

■frj  n^in  D^^^ 

D"i2::b-n^5  IT  .j^^j 

nnnxn  Dzb  ni:n:D  ''i^yn-^s 

"D-Ey;  -jTu^  nb^bn-bs 

:nnnb  'ir'x::  ^3>n  i<in  ^pn 

niDins  rjn^  nbs 

DJi^Dsir  nx  ib5«i 

ib53  on^Db-j  bD 


116       IV 

7:    1 


3 
4  a" 


§9.    THE  CONFUSION   OF  THE  NATION,   7:8    8:3 

y'T-ad  j^ini  ins  d^^t  ibrx 


10 


*l  This  is  supported  by  (S  and  tho  parallol  ""^ITS^  ;  so 
also  OoRT,  Marti. 

<2Some  such  word  as  this  is  roquirod  by  tho  parallolisin 
and  the  motor. 

<'STho  JHd  b  TlTSX"^  is  obscure  and  furnishes  no  satis- 
factory connection  witli  tho  context.  On  this  use  of  "127 
cf.  Deut.  2.j:8;  and  for  the  charge  of  fickleness  thus  pre- 
ferred against  Israel,  cf.i-.l  sqq. ;  6 : 7  ;  7 :  13 ;  10 : 4, 13 ;  11 :  12 ; 
12:1. 

"So  Wellhaiskn,  OoRT,  Vai>eton,  Nowack.  Marti; 
but  c/.  Oettli.    me  has  irTQTC. 


DH^nbi^  nin^-bi^  in-::  5<bi 
:n&^T  bDn  irTj:pn  j<bi 

«iHJE  riDS^  rriyia  ;  as  above,  Oort.Wellhausen, 
Valeton,  Nowack,  Oettli. 

i«iH2r  T^y^a  ;  as  above,  CS,  1L,  and  Oort,  Valeton, 
Nowack,  Oettli. 

*''  So  (S.  £SLE  is  IS'lp  ,  which  furnishes  no  satisfactory 
meaning. 

■"•So  .5,  E,  and  many  Hebrew  MSS.;  also  Dathe. 
WOnsche,  Houtsma,  Schmoller,  Cheyne  (Cambridge 
Bible),  W.  R.  Smith  (Prophets,  p.  413),  Wellhadsen,  Vale- 
ton, Ruhen.  (it  the,  Nowack,  G.  A.  Smith,  Oettli,  Marti, 
etal.    iHJE  has  CnSS- 


HOSEA 


25 


IV      11  b      When  I  would  turn  the  captivity  of  my  people, 
7:  1         When  I  would  heal  Israel,  [I  hold  back  (?)] 
For  the  guilt  of  Ephraim  discovers  itself 
And  the  evils  of  Samaria  [appear J  — 
How  they  practice  fraud  and  the  thief  comes  in, 
And  bandits  roam  abroad  without! 
2        They  are  not  steadfast  in  their  heart. 
All  their  evil  I  will  record; 
Now  their  deeds  have  encompassed  them, 
They  have  come  to  be  before  me. 

V       3        In  their  wickedness  they  anoint  kings, 

4  a"    And  in  their  treacheries,  princes ;  since  they  are  all 

adulterers. 

5  On  the  day  of  our  king  they  are  become  sick, 
The  princes,  with  fever  from  wine; 

He  stretched  forth  his  hand  with  loose  fellows. 

6  For    like    an    oven    their    hearts    burn    with    their 

intriguing. 
All  night  their  anger  sleeps; 
In  the  morning  it  blazes  like  a  flame  of  fire; 

7  All  of  them  glowing  like  an  oven, 
They  devour  their  rulers. 

All  their  kings  have  fallen, 

No  one  among  them  calling  for  me. 


4  or,  b  They  are  like  a  burn- 
ing oven  whose  baker  ceases 
to  stir  up  the  flame,  from  the 
kneading  of  the  dough  until 
its  leavening. 


§9.    THE  CONFUSION  OF  THE  NATION,  7:8—8:3 

I  7:  8        Ephraim — among    the    nations  he   lets  himself  be 
mixed. 
Ephraim — he  has  become  a  cake  not  turned. 
9        Strangers  have  devoured  his  strength  and  he  knows 
it  not; 
Yea,   gray   hairs  are   sprinkled    upon    him    and   he 
knows  it  not; 
10        And  the  pride  of  Israel  has  witnessed  against  him, 
Yet  they  do  not  return  unto  Yahweh,  their  God, 
And  they  do  not  seek  him  for  all  this ; 


26 


The  Minor  Prophets 


"Dn-;^b  '"ynirn  '"Dna^jj;     12  c 

n^bn  nT:;^^  ii<^p  D^nrj 
^n-i'n  D-^b^'  iri-nsx  '^ub^-^wSS     12  a,  6 


n^yb  ni* 


"31:70  'mr^s  nnb  "i&<     13     n 
"3  lyirs-"^  Dnb  tj: 

*******  D135<  "DDi<1 

Dnbn  "bx  ^pyi  sbi     u 
^n^ni  pn-b:?  "DninsT-j-b"  ib^b-^^-^s 


nnrs  "^min  bn 


8:lo 


^sir  "j^n  bi^ 

bs"i'j:"  liDyi"  'nbi<  ipy'T"  "b      2 
:  ism"  n"i^5  nit:  b^^n-^^  nsi      3 


III 


o^C  D'1''P"'K  ;  as  above,  Geaetz,  Nowack,  Gettli, 
Hal^vy. 

to^m  yOTpS  ;  as  above,  Gardner,  American  Journal 
of  Semitic  Languages  and  Literatures,  Vol.  XVIII,  p.  180; 
cf.  Ps.  It) :  11 ;  Job  10 :  15 ;  U :  1. 

51  iHSC  Drnyb  ;  as  above,  «5,  Gardner. 
i2iKE  DninStJlO  ;  as  above,  Gardner. 


MS&E  I'T^ian'^ ;  as  above,  <!5,  Hoijtsma,  SebOk, 
VoLLERs,  ('heyne,  Graetz,  Wellhausen,  Gdthe,  Revised 
Version  (margin),  Nowaok,  G.  A.  Smith,  Gettli,  Marti, 
et  al. 

5«^2E  ^"l^D^  ;  as  above,  Houtsma,  Nowack,  Gettli, 
Marti. 

SoiHSE  by  iib  ;   as  above,  Marti,  Ruben,  Nowack. 

sfiiHil  "ITUSS  ;    as  above,  Wellhausen,  G.  A.  Smith. 


HOSEA 


27 


12  c      I   will    chastise    them    by   the    abundance    of   their 
afflictions. 

11  And  so   Ephraim   has    become   like  a  foolish   dove 

without  understanding: 
To  Egypt  they  cry,  to  Assyria  they  go. 

12  a,  6  As  they  go  I  will  spread  over  them  my  net, 

Like  birds  of  the  air  I  will  bring  them  down. 

II      13        Alas  for  them  that  they  have  strayed  from  me! 

Destruction  to  them  that  they  have  rebelled  against 

me! 
And  shall  I  redeem  them  ***** 
When  they  have  spoken  lies  about  me? 

14  And  they  have  never  cried  unto  me  with  their  heart ; 
But  they  keep  howling  beside  their  altars  for  corn 

and  new  wine; 
They  cut  themselves,  they  rebel  against  me. 

15  Although  it  was  I  who  trained   and    strengthened 

their  arms, 

16  Yet  concerning  me  they  keep  thinking  (only)  evil; 

they  turn  to  Baal; 
They  have  become  like  a  bow  which  swerves; 
Their  princes  shall  fall  by  the  sword. 
Because  of  the  insolence  of  their  tongues,*  in  the  land 

of  Egypt. 

Ill  8:  la      To  thy  mouth  with  the  trumpet  I 

For   the   eagle  (comes  down)   upon    the   house    of 
Yahweh. 

2  To  me  they  will  (then)  cry, 

My  God,  we  know  thee,  we  Israel. 

3  Israel  has  spurned  the  good ;  let  the  foe  pursue  him. 


*  this  their  scorn 


1  b  Because  they  have  trans- 
gressed my  covenant. 
And  trespassed  against  my 
law. 


28 


The  Minor  Prophet's 


§10.    ISRAEL'S   KINGS  AND  IDOLS    DISPLEASING    AND   DESTRUCTIVE,  8:4-14 

^T2i2  ifb^  irb7^n  on  8: 4     i 
t'jT'pa  nbDTi  xb  ^nia"i7*  *nn  ^3i<  mn       5  6 

i<in  D^nbx-xbi  in*:::'  "jjnn 


nn  "pDn  T'X  •h'DD  sc 


nny  D'^nsn  iDni  ^d"D5  10 
Dsrnps 


n-^::  "nb  ^i^  n'cp 

ri72p^mrr  ^ba 

nn>'bn^  d^-it  tizT  ^b^^ 

nTj;«  lb::?  n'zri  ^D      9 

lb  -n^u  «ns 


:  Nt^nb  ninnT7j  ib-rn 

ibD^^l  "iiaa  inni^  ^nnnn  ^rai     13 
D:in  xb  niH" 
Dnj^tiH  ips^i  DDi:?  ^DT^  nn3? 


57  jKJC  ^I'jjjy  ;    for  above,  soe  ^mos  and  Rosea,  p.  314. 
s»;fflE:  JIjT  ;    as  above,  Ookt,  Wellhausen,  Valeton, 

NOWACK. 

ii«iHE    X^m  ;    as  above,  S,  Wellhausen,  Geaetz, 
Guthe,  Nowack,  Oettli,  Gardner,  Maeti. 

BOjHJT  QI^^TD  13;    as  above,  OoRT  and  Now ACK. 
til  ^2E  "lb  ;   as  above,  Wellhausen  and  Marti. 


021KIE  i{JS'52')p  tSya  ^bn^l;  asabove,  CS,  e.WELL- 
hausen,  Goet,  Kuenen,  Geelli,  Cheyne,  Ruben,  Geaetz, 
Valeton,  Loftman,  G.  A.  Smith,  Nowack,  Hal^vy, 
Marti. 

63  So  Knhlbh;  Q^rl,  13"1. 

*>*£&E  irnlr\  ;  as  above,  ffi,  F,  and  most  modem 
commentators. 


HOSEA 


29 


*That  they  may  be  cut  off. 


*How  long  will  they  be  in- 
capable of  punishment? 


§10.    ISRAEL'S   KINGS  AND  IDOLS   DISPLEASING   AND   DESTRUCTIVE,  8:4-14 

18:4        Since  they  have  made  kings  but  not  from  me, 

And  since  they  have  made  princes  but  I  knew  (them) 

not. 
With  their  silver  and  their  gold  made  by  them  into 
idols,* 
5  6      Mine  anger  is  kindled  against  them, 

5  a      I  loathe  thy  calf,  O  Samaria,* 

6  For  out  of  Israel  is  it, 
A  smith  made  it  and  it  is  not  God ; 
Like  splinters  Samaria's  calf  shall  become. 

II       7        For  they  sow  wind  and  they  reap  whirlwind: 
A  seed  which  has  no  stalk. 
Which  yields  no  grain. 

If    perchance    it    were    to    yield,   strangers    would 
devour  it. 
8a, 6  Israel  is  swallowed  up;  already  are  they  among  the 

nations. 
9        For  they  have  gone  up  to  Assyria, 

A  wild  ass  taking  his  way  by  himself : 
Ephraim  gives  love  gifts. 


8  c  Like   a    vessel    in    which 
there  is  no  pleasure. 


Ill        11 


13 


For  Ephraim  has  made  many  altars — 

They  are  to  him  altars — for  sinning. 

Were  I  to  write  for  him  by  myriads  my  laws. 

As  those  of  a  stranger  they  would  be  accounted. 

My  offerings  of  *  *  *  :f:  *  they  sacrifice  flesh  and  they 

eat  it, 
Yah  well  having  no  delight  in  them. 
Now  must  he  remember  their  guilt  and  visit  their  sin, 
Since  to  Egypt  they  shall  return. 


10  If  they  give  themselves 
among  the  nations,  I  must 
now  gather  them  in; 
And  they  must  cease  for  a 
while  from  the  anointing 
of  kings  and  princes. 


14  And  so    Israel    forgot  his 

maker  and  buUt  palaces, 
And    Judah     multiplied 

fenced  cities; 
And  so  I  will  send  fire  upon 

his  cities; 
And    it    shall    devour    his 

palaces. 


30 


The  Minor  Prophets 


§11- 


ISRAEL'S  EXILE  A  BREAKING  UP  OF  SOCIAL  AND  RELIGIOUS  HABITS, 

9:1-9 


b-i:i~5i«* 


irk-^ 


■^nbs-Dy* 


:Dnxi:n  -iipDi 

eijBE  D?"!^  ;  as  above,  (5,  Houtsma,  Wellhausen, 
Ooet,(tUthe,  Ruben,  G.  A.  Smith,  Nowack,  Oettli,  Marti. 

>M^E  n3  ;  as  above,  (5,  V,  S,  SE,  Dathe,  Ewald, 
Bauer,  Wellhausen,  Geaetz,  Oort,  Loftman,  Ruben, 
Guthe,  G.  a.  Smith,  Nowack,  Oettli,  Marti. 

li' SHE  ^2"iy'i  ;  as  above,  Kuenen  (Hibbert  Lectures, 
1882,  i>i).  312  .sf/'.V.'ooRT,  Valeton,  Wellhausen,  Guthe, 
Loftman,  Ruben,  (t.  .V.  Smith,  Nowack,  Marti. 

esfHJT  nnb  ;  as  above,  Kuenen  (op.  cit.),  Ooet, 
Wellhausen,  Valeton,  Guthe,  Ruben,  Loftman,  G.  A. 
Smith,  Nowack,  Oettli,  Marti. 

W'iHE  ^Dbn  ;   as  above,  Wellhausen,  Nowack. 

^oiSlE  "^WIQ ;  as  above,  WELLHAuaEN,  Valeton, 
Nowack,  Oettli,  Maeti. 


II 


i*ni3-i3-bD-b3'  ■;:n^<  rani< 

V^'niM^b  ^jc^-xb      4 

nn^nnT  ib-'''^j^r  t^bi 

"'D-^nb  D^jix  Dnbi 

^^57Jt:^  rb^s  bD 

DirsDb  W2rb  ^i 

:nin^  n^n  i<in^-&<b 

nin-'  yn^n  in"j3^-&<b      3 

-3?rj  Drb  r^ryn-n^      5 
:nin^  :in  orbi 

n'j:^^  i25Tap  "dscs  ^"il^tj^ 
:Dn^bni<n  mn 

mpsn  ■'^j^  ixn      7 
Dbirn  rj^  ixn 
b«nir^  lyn^ 
«^nDn  b^i« 

r'nyj^nn  nhi  -jDiy-nn-bs? 

rsm-biD-b:?  'j:ip^-n3  ^^-^nD 
"innir  ipr^yn  rnb«-n^nn* 


■1  ia2E  'sb  Tania  ;  as  above,  Hitzig,  Wellhausen, 
Oort,  Valeton,  Oettli,  Hal^vy. 

i2jSl2r  n'QHiC'Q  na"!!  ;  as  above,  Ruben,  Nowack; 
cf.  Maeti;  this  reading  transfers  rTODTDlO  to  the  begin- 
ning of  vs.  8. 

7^1  This  word  is  supplied  for  the  sake  of  the  sense;  see 
Amos  and  Hosea,  «»i  loc. 

'*iKlE  nD3i  ;    as  above,  Cheyuo. 

"5  Those  two  words  are  connected  with  vs.  9  in  iK2C.  (5 
joins  Ip'^iarn  to  vs.  8  as  hero  (so  also  Ooet,  Graetz,  G.  A. 
Smith).  iHE  ^pnt?  is  read  as  hero  by  Wellhausen  and 
Nowack. 


Ill 


HOSEA  31 

§11.    ISRAEL'S  EXILE  A  BREAKING  UP  OF  SOCIAL  AND  RELIGIOUS  HABITS, 

9 : 1-9 

I  9:  1        Do  not  rejoice,*  O  Israel,  like  the  peoples;  *  unto  exultation 

For  thou  hast  played  the  harlot  away  from  thy  God, 
Thou  hast  loved  hire  upon  every  threshing-floor.*  *  of  com 

2        Threshing-floor  and  wine-vat  shall  not  know  them. 
And  the  new  wine  shall  play  them  false. 

4  They  shall  not  pour  libations  of  wine  to  Yahweh, 
Nor  prepare  for  him  their  sacrifices. 

Their  bread  shall  be  like  the  bread  of  mourning ; 
All  who  eat  it  shall  defile  themselves. 
For  their  bread  shall  be  only  for  their  hunger. 
It  shall  not  come  into  Yahweh's  house. 

II       3        They  shall  not  dwell  in  the  land  of  Yahweh, 
And  Ephraim  shall  return  to  Egypt; 
And  in  Assyria  they  shall  eat  what  is  unclean. 

5  What  will  ye  do  on  the  day  of  the  festival? 
Or  on  the  day  of  feasting  to  Yahweh  ? 

6  For  behold  they  will  go  to  Assyria, 

Egypt  gathering  them,  Memphis  burying  them: 
Nettles  inheriting  their  precious  things  of  silver: 
Thorns  coming  up  in  their  tents. 

Ill       7        The  days  of  visitation  will  come; 
The  days  of  recompense  will  come; 
Israel  shall  know. 

(The  people  say:)  "A  fool,  the  prophet; 
Mad,  the  man  of  spirit." 

(Yes;)  because  of  the  greatness  of  thine  iniquity  and 
the  greatness  of  thy  sin. 
8        Enmity  exists  toward  Ephraim's  watchman;*  *withmyGod 

The  prophet  (finds)  the  snares  of  the  fowler  in  all 
his  ways; 
*In  the  (very)  house  of  his  God  they  dig  for  him  a     *  enmity 
deep  pit. 

9  As  in  the  days  of  Gibeah, 
He  will  remember  their  in- 
iquity, he  will  visit  theii 
sin. 


32 


The  Minor  Prophets 


§12.    ISRAEL  IS  CORRUPT;   THE  LIFE  OF  OLD  AS   WELL  AS  YOUNG 

LICENTIOUS,  9:10-17 


nn-'Trxnn* 


bi<^'::^  "nij^r^  ■^--■^n  D^nDS'D  o-.io     i 


:ir-in^i  pn^^i  mb7j 


II 


^n'^K-i  "iirsD* 


m5<?j  D"nb^-:;i  Dnnn-n^^  ibn^^-Ds-^s     120,6 
'"ra  ''^nir'  ''T:^b  *Dn35<     13 
:  Tji  '^'nri^nb^  5<^:iinb  n^nssi 


Dnb-;n* 


*-nn-n?j  nin^  onb-n     u     iv 

D":;^^^^  ^n^n?j  on^bby^j  3?n  b:? 


;  opinio  nn^n-^-bs  nnnn«  -c1^^-«b     15  c   v 
:Dn7j  ''^n^-aja  Dnb  ^ii<-D:-^s     12  c 
lb  iy7j-::-j<b"'5  ^nbi<  dcj^'^^     n 


76iH2C  mSSb  ;  as  above,  Wellhausen  and  Nowack. 

"SoQ'-ri;  K'^tlilbli,  ib^. 

'SiHil  "lisb  ;  as  above,  G,  Hoctsma,  Wellhausen, 
Ruben,  Q.  A.  Smith,  Gort. 

"!>^2i;  nb^ntj  ;  as  above,  Houtsma;  cf.  Ewald, 
Oettli,  Scholz. 


sf'^JE  rnZD  ;  as  above,  G,  Tueodotion,  Houtsma, 
Wellhausen,  Nowack,  G.  A.  Smith,  Gort. 

si^E;  3"in~bS<  ;  as  above,  (5,  S,  Houtsma,  Well- 
hausen, Nowack,  G.  A.  Smith,  Gort. 

sziHJE  1"l^TU2l ;  as  above,  Hitzig,  Ewald,  Simson, 
Guthe. 


HosEA  33 

§12.    ISRAEL  IS  CORRUPT;    THE  LIFE  OF   OLD  AS  WELL  AS  YOUNG 

LICENTIOUS,  9:10-17 

I  9:10        Like  grapes  in  the  wilderness,  I  found  Israel; 

Like  the  first  fruit  on  a  fig-tree,*  I  saw  your  fathers ;     *  in  its  first  season 
But  they  came  to  Baal-peor  and  separated  themselves 

to  Baal, 
And  they  became  abominations  like  the  object  of 

their  love. 

II      11        Ephraim — his  glory  flies  away  like  a  bird; 

There  shall  be  no  more  birth,  no  more  motherhood, 
no  more  conception. 
16a, 6  Ephraim  is  smitten,  their  root  withered; 
Fruit  they  cannot  produce. 

III  16  c      Yea,   though   they   beget   children,   I  will  slay  the 

darlings  of  their  womb. 

12  a,  6  Yea,  though  they  bring  up  their  sons,  I  will  bereave 

them  that  there  be  not  a  man. 

13  Ephraim* — for  a  prey  are  his  sons  destined  !  *  as  i  have  seen 
Yea,  Ephraim  must  lead  forth  his  sons  to  slaughter. 

IV  14        Give  them,  O  Yah  weh:  what  wilt  thou  give?*  *  Give  them. 

A  miscarrying  womb  and  dry  breasts. 

All  their  evil  being  in  Gilgal — yea,  there  I  conceived 

hatred  for  them. 
For  the  evil  of  their  doings  I  will  drive  them  out  of 

my  house. 

V      15c      I  will  no  more   love   them;   all  their  nobles  being 
rebels. 
12  c      Yea,  even  woe  upon  them  when  I  look  away  from 

them. 
17        My   God   will  cast  them   away,   for  they  have  not 
hearkened  to  him ; 
And  they  shall  become  wanderers  among  the  nations. 


34 


The  Minor  Prophets 


§13.    ISRAEL   IS    WICKED    IN    PROPORTION   TO   HER    PROSPERITY;    BUT   AN 
END  IS  COMING  OF  ALL  THAT  SHE  HAS  FALSELY  TRUSTED,  10:1-8 

b^^'^"    ppH    -B^      10:1  I 

riinnT?jb  rann  v^sb-n^D 

Dnb  ''pbn      2 

mn''"nx  i:si''  sb  ""D 
XI©  mbx  D^nm  nim  4 
by    uDWTa   Tri«nD    nnsn 


nstttt  nbr-'D  innD'by* 


-p5<  r\^ZL  ''bj^b 

i^y  rbV  bnx-^D 

*«'^b^n;  vb:?  vt^si 

bnv  nrii<b  in^5<  d: 

nn^  -jb^jb  nri37j 

bx'iir^  n«t:n 

nby^  "nmi  -pp 

nniraTi:  by 

nsbia  ■in?iir  n?j"i3 

:d^7j  ^:s-b3?  -^p^ 

IDICD  n^nnb  i^7^&^i 

:i3^b:?  ibsD  niynabi 


la      III 


86 


83^51  rr'ltD'^ ;    as  above,  Oettli. 

siiHffl:  pbn  ;   as  above,  Oort,  Valeton,  Nowack. 

ssiHiJ  riibriyb  ;  asabove,©.  S,Theodotion,  KuinOl, 
Dathe,  Newcome,  Oort,  Wellhacsen,  Glthe,  Loftman, 
Ruben,  G.  A.  Smith,  Nowack,  Oettli,  Marti,  et  al. 


86^ff  13T33  ;  as  above,  (5,  Newcome,  Oort,  Well- 
HAUSEN,  Valeton,  Loftman,  Guthe,  Nowack,  G.  A.  Smith, 
Oettli,  Marti. 

si^C  ^b^y"* ;   as  abtive,  Oort,  Graetz. 

«8^iB;  n;TD3  ;   as  above,  Gothe,  Marti. 


H'OSEA 


35 


§13.    ISRAEL   IS  WICKED   IN    PROPORTION   TO  HER   PROSPERITY;    BUT   AN 
END  IS  COMING  OF  ALL  THAT  SHE  HAS  FALSELY  TRUSTED,  10:1-8 

1 10:  1        A  luxuriant  vine  is  Israel, 

He  multiplies  fruit  for  himself. 

In  proportion  to  the  increase  of  his  fruit  he  multi- 
plied altars; 

In  proportion  to  the  prosperity  of  his  land  he  made 
beautiful  the  pillars. 
2        Their  heart  is  false; 

Now  must  they  bear  punishment  for  it. 

But  he  will  break  the  neck  of  their  altars; 

He  will  ruin  their  pillars. 

II       5        For  the  calf  of  Beth-aven, 

The  inhabitants  of  Samaria  shall  tremble. 
Yea,  his  people  shall  mourn  for  him, 
And  his  priestlino^s  shall  writhe  for  him.* 
6        Yea,  this  they  will  carry  to  Assyria, 
As  a  present  to  king  Jareb. 
Ephraim  shall  take  disgrace, 
And  Israel  shall  be  ashamed  because  of  his  counsel. 


3  For  soon  they  will  say,  we 

have  no  king, 
For  Yahweh  we   have  not 

feared, 
And  the  king,  what  can  he 

do  for  usl 

4  Speaking  words,   swearing 

false  oaths,  making  cove- 
nants. 
And  law  springs  forth  like 
weeds  in  the  furrows  of 
the  field. 

*  for  his  glory,  because  it  has 
departed  from  him 


III       8  a      And  the  high  places  of  Aven  shall  be  destroyed, 
The  sin  of  Israel, 
Thorns  and  thistles  shall  come  up 
Upon  their  altars. 

7  As  for  Samaria,  her  king  is  cut  off. 
Like  a  chip  on  the  face  of  the  waters; 

8  6      And  they  shall  say  to  the  mountains,  cover  us; 

And  to  the  hills,  fall  on  us. 


36 


The  Minor  Prophets 


§14.  ISRAEL'S  HISTORY  CONSISTS  OF  SIN;  THE  FRUIT  OF  SUCH  SEED  IS 
A  SAD  HARVEST— DESOLATION,  DESTRUCTION,  AND  DEATH— EVEN 
THAT  OF   THE   KING,   10:9-15 


:  DDDiy  ^r.irb  nncxn 
mTab^a* 


irrinbTj  nyn^n  Dyj;n-xb 
■i-nb  ^nnr;^  *rbyj  D^nssi      n 

"bsniT'^  trinn^  n^^s^^  n^D"^« 
:npr  ib  nir-' 


npi::b  Dsb  i:?nT 
n^D  bib  in^3 


12 


II 


13  a 


Tjjr  7^::n^  b^i 
''b^nir^-n^n  D^b  ''nirys;  n^s 


13  6     III 

14  o 


14  c 
15 


s^iHSr  nSClSn  ;   as  above,  Wellhausen,  NowACK. 

'Ji'iKJE  57;    see  ^nios  ami //ose«,  Ml  ?oc. 

■''iHJT  niby  ;  as  above,  some  codices  aud  most  com- 
moiitators. 

92^21:  DIGX")  "'P^,X3;  as  above,  S,  and  (Jraetz, 
NowACK. 

93 ^E  n'lin"' ;    as  above,  NowACK. 

94iH2i:  12^;    as  above,  «5. 

95ilizc  nSi'^l  ;  as  above,  (5,  Goet,  Wellhausen, 
Yaleton,  Nowack. 


96iHS:  '?J3T12 ;  as  above,  ffi^^,  Manger,  Dathe, 
KuinOl,  Eiciihorn,  Maurer,  Ewald,  Duhm,  Houtsma, 
Wellhausen,  Orelli,  Cheyne,  Graetz,  Ruben,  Loft- 
man,  GuTHE,  G.  A.  Smith,  Volz,  Nowack,  Oort,  Gettli, 
Hal^vy,  Marti. 

97jHa;  niUy  ;  as  above,  (S,  Wellhausen,  Graetz, 
Ruben,  Nowack,  Oort,  Oettli,  Marti. 

9s;^8E  bXn*'3  ;  as  above,  (S,  Oort,  Wellhausen, 
Graetz,  Guthe,  Ruben,  Q.  A.  Smith,  Nowack,  Oettli, 
Marti. 


HOSEA 


37 


§14.  ISRAEL'S  HISTORY  CONSISTS  OF  SIN;  THE  FRUIT  OF  SUCH  SEED  IS 
A  SAD  HARVEST— DESOLATION,  DESTRUCTION,  AND  DEATH  — EVEN 
THAT  OF   THE  KING,  10:9-15 


I  10:  9 


II        12 


III 


13  a 


13  6 


14  a 


14  c 
15 


From  the  days  of  Gibeali  is  Israel's  sin. 

At  that   time   there   stood  against  me   the  sons  of 

unrighteousness. 
Shall  not  war  overtake  them  even  in  Gibeah? 
Ephraim  indeed  is  a  heifer*  loving  to  thresh. 
And  even  I  myself  have  spared  the   beauty  of  her 

neck; 
But  now  I  will   make  Ephraim  draw;   Israel  must 

plow; 
Jacob  must  harrow  for  himself. 

Sow  for  yourselves  righteousness; 

Reap  the  fruit  of  love ; 

Break  up  your  fallow  ground; 

Since  there  is  time  to  seek  Yahweh, 

To  the  end  that  the  fruit  of  righteousness  may  come 

to  you. 
Ye  have  plowed  wickedness,  injustice  ye  have  reaped. 
Ye  have  eaten  the  fruit  of  lies. 

Because    thou    didst    trust    in    thy  chariots  in    the 

multitude  of  thy  mighty  ones 
Therefore  the  tumult  (of  war)  shall  arise  among  thy 

peoples, 
And  all  thy  fortresses  shall  be  ruined. 
The  mother  being  broken  with  the  children. 
Thus  will  I  do  to  you,  O  house  of  Israel ; 
Because  of  the  evil  of  your  evil. 
In  the  dawn  utterly  undone  shall  be  the  king  of 

Israel. 


10  In  my  wrath  I  will  chastise 
them ; 

And  peoples  shall  be  gath- 
ered against  them 

To  chastise  them  for  their 
double  sin. 

*  trained 


14  b  As  Shalman  ruined  Beth 
arbel  in  the  day  of  war. 


38 


The  Minor  Prophets 


15.  ISRAEL  A  CHILD,  YAHWEH  A  FATHER  WITH  ALL  THE  LOVE  OF  A 
FATHER  EVEN  IN  THE  FACE  OF  INGRATITUDE  AND  DESERTION, 
11:1-11 

^Ti2r  D^b3?nb  '"^nn 
:-'nr:p''  D^bcsbi 

D^^2i<b  ^nb:;nn  ^D3«i      3     n 
'"'^n2?i-iT  by  '"'nnpi^ 

T  :  "It  •.- 

in^nssn  ^3  'ijT  sbi 
ranx-ninnyn  dd"^"^j^  mi<-^bnnn      * 
nn^nb  "^'by7j  b3?-'"'D^T23  nnb-n^nsi 


T<nn  nnbDi* 


*r^rn  nnn  nbni      e 

'"•^ri'!Si^np:'""b':?  b&< 
"•'li^jnnS  bnn  i<^n 


III 


99^E  "ij^b  ;   as  above,  Wellhausen. 

loo^HE  IXIp  ;  as  above,  (5,  Wellhausen. 

101  ^E,  DTT'DSSTQ  ;  as  above,  G,  5,  Michaelis,  Dathe, 
Bauer,  KuinOl,  Oort,  Wellhausen,  Valeton,  Graetz, 
GuTHE,  G.  A.  Smith,  Nowack,  Oettli,  Hal^vy,  Cheyne 
(Critica  Biblica),  Marti. 

w2£a,E.  Dnp  ;  as  above,  (5,  Ewald,  Umbreit,  Ols- 
HAUSEN  {Gram.,  §232a),  Steiner,  Orelli,  Cheyne,  Oort, 
Wellhausen,  Ruben,  Guthe,  Loftman,  Nowack,  Oettli, 
Marti. 

ii'SiHC  1irii5?i"^T  ;  as  above,  C,  S,  F,  Dathe, Orelli, 
Oort.  Wellhausen,  Graetz,  Ruben,  Guthe,  Loftman, 
G.  a.  Smith,  Nowack,  Oettli,  Hal£vy,  Cheyne  (Critica 
Biblica). 

i»*^2C  '''a^"l')Op  ;  as  above,  S,  Oort,  Graetz,  Vale- 
ton,  Guthe,  Nowack,  Hal^vy. 


105  ^51  ^37  ;  as  above,  5,  Oort,  Valeton,  Nowack, 
Oettli,  Hal£vy. 

1110  ;^jt  t3Xl  ;  as  above,  Hitzig,  Simson,  Wellhau- 
sen, Guthe,  Nowack,  Hal^vy. 

107  ^JC  j{5j  conuocting  it  with  vs.  .'5;  as  above,  (5, 
Dathe,  Manger,  BOckel,  Eichhorn,  De  Wette, 
Houtsma,  Scholz,  Wellhausen,  Valeton,  Guthe, 
Ruben,  G.  A.  Smith,  Nowack,  Oettli. 

ii'^iHE:  □rfriisy'E'a  ;  as  above,  Wellhausen,  No- 
wack, of.  Marti. 

losiHE  ini'^TlJ'ab  D'^X^bP  ;    as  above,  Oettli. 

iio^ffi  by  ;  as  above,  G,  F,  AyuiLA,  Theodotion, 
Symmachus,  Oort,  Oettli. 

iiilHS:  ^nJjSIp"^  ;  as  above,  Symmachus;  see  Amos 
and  Hosca,  in  loc, 

ii2iHJi:  QTaiTi  sib  nn*^  ;  for  above  reading  c/. 
Graetz  and  Ruben,  and  see  Amos  and  Hosea,  in  loc. 


HosEA  39 

§15.  ISRAEL  A  CHILD,  YAHWEH  A  FATHER  WITH  ALL  THE  LOVE  OF  A 
FATHER  EVEN  IN  THE  FACE  OF  INGRATITUDE  AND  DESERTION, 
11:1-11 

1 11 :  1        When  Israel  was  young  then  I  came  to  love  him, 
And  out  of  Egypt  I  called  him; 
The  more  I  called  them, 
2        The  farther  they  went  away  from  me. 
They  keep  sacrificing  to  the  Baalim, 
And  making  offerings  to  images. 

II       3        Yet  it  was  I  who  taught  Ephraim  to  walk, 
Taking  them  up  in  my  arms; 
And  they  did  not  know  that  I  healed  them. 
4        With  the  cords  of  a  man  I  would  draw  them,  with 
bands  of  love ; 
And  I  was  to  them  as  one  who  lifts  up  the  yoke  from 

upon  their  jaws, 
And  I  inclined  unto  him  and  would  give  him  to  eat. 

Ill       5        He  must  return  to  the  land  of  Egypt, 

Or  Assyria  will  be  his  king ;  for  they  have  refused  to 
return. 

6  And  so  the  sword  will  whirl  in  their  cities,*  *And  win   destroy   their 
And  will  devour  in  their  fortresses.  branches. 

7  And    my    people    having    wearied    me    with    their 

rebellions. 
Unto  the  yoke  (Yahweh)  will  appoint  them, 
Since  he  has  ceased  to  love  them. 


40 


The  Minor  Prophets 


^nb  -iby  "TEn:  8  6 
n^iES  nmrb  nnrs  i?b 


:(7)Ditt  ni:n  'nin-'i 
Di-i2)2ia  -nssD  mini  n 
mirs?  pi<T2  'n:vD^ 


10  a 


16.  ISRAEL'S  FALSITY  AND  FAITHLESSNESS  FROM  THE  FIRST,  IN  SPITE 
OF  EFFORTS  THROUGH  PROPHETS,  MUST  BRING  RETRIBUTION  AND 
RUIN,  12:1-15 


bx~n7  y-1  -r  n•-i^n•'^  ib 


bD""!  isbT2'nx  mail  5 
lb  -inni"!  riDi 
i:s3:t2i  bsn^n 
p-'-'iTGy  nn-1  dttt 
mxnjrn  ^nbx  mnii  e 

:  "nDT  mn-i 
mirn  i^nbi?!  nrsn  7 
n'OTD  uEr^T  -en 
ni-an  Tnbx  bs  mpi 

iiiiHil   XilX  ;    as  above,  VoLZ  and  NowACK. 

iHiHC  i"inS  T^ya  ;    as  above,  Volz  and  Xowack. 

iij^jE  ^iJj^  ;  as  above,  (S,Oort,  Wellhausen,  Vale- 
ton,  G.  A.  Smith,  Nowack,  Hal^vy,  Marti. 

iifiiHJC  nS^i  ;  as  above,  5,  Wellhausen,  Nowack, 

Oettli,  Marti. 

""iHJE  ri^'^ri^  ;  as  above,  Wellhausen,  Nowack, 
Marti. 

ii^i^a:  5511 ;  'Ts  above.  Si,  Wellhausen,  Nowack, 
GoRT,  Oettli,  Marti. 


u^^B^  'i'n^n  ^"nnc  12:1  a 

D^"ip  "Til  M^n  nn  D^nsi^      2 
"'^sni  "^j^rii  nTi  Dm  bs 

"'nbnr  D^nr^b  -^rjji 
""b5<-;ir^-Dy  n^n^b  "'n^n      3 
rsniD  npy^-b:?  '-'ipsb 
:  lb  n-^'^r^  rbb:'":^ 


iio^HSE  ^i"!"!  ;  as  above,  <S,  Wellhausen,  Nowack, 
OoRT,  Oettli,  Marti. 

\2fi£B.E  rn^n^  ;  as  above,  Oort,  Nowack,  G.  A.  Smith, 
Oettli. 

i2iiKJi;  Ipsbl  ;  as  above,  ffi,  Wellhausen,  Graetz, 
Nowack. 

vi2^E  ^DTQy;  as  above,  S,  '.v.,  2.,  0.,  (5    ,  and  Dathe, 

Oort,  Wellhausen,  Beer  (Zeitschrift  fiir  die  alttesta- 
mentliche  Wissenschaft,  Vol.  XIII,  p.  28.5),  Valeton,  Guthe, 
LoFTMAN,  G.  A.  Smith,  Nowack,  Oettli,  Marti. 


HOSEA 


41 


IV 


8a 


96 


10  a 


How  can  I  give  thee  up,  O  Ephraim ! 

How  can  I  surrender  thee,  O  Israel ! 

How  can  I  make  thee  as  Admah ! 

How  can  I  place  thee  as  Zeboim ! 

For  God  am  I  and  not  man, 

Holy  in  the  midst  of  thee  and  not  human. 

Yahweh  will  roar  like  a  lion.* 


8  6  My  heart  is  turned  upon 

me, 
My  compassions  grow  hot 
together. 

9  a  I  will  not  act  according  to 

the  fierceness  of  my  anger ; 
I  will  not  turn  to  destroy 
Ephraim. 
*They  will  go 

10  6  As  a  lion  he  will  roar, 
Yea  he  himself  will  roar, 
And  there  shall  come  hur- 
riedly :|i  *  *  *  :)c 

11  They  shall  come  hurriedly 

like  sparrows  from  Egypt, 
And  like  doves  from  the  land 

of  Assyria. 
And  I  will  bring  them  back 

to  their  houses. 
It   is    the    declaration    of 

Yahweh. 


16. 


ISRAEL'S  FALSITY  AND  FAITHLESSNESS  FROM  THE  FIRST,  IN  SPITE 
OF  EFFORTS  THROUGH  PROPHETS,  MUST  BRING  RETRIBUTION  AND 
RUIN,  11:12—12:14  (Hebrew:  12:1-15) 


I   11:12  a  [12:1a] 


[2] 


3a 


[3] 


[4  a] 


Ephraim  has  compassed  me  with  falsehood, 
And  the  house  of  Israel  with  deceit. 
Ephraim   herds  the  wind  and  hunts  the 

sirocco. 
All  day  long  they  multiply  falsehood  and 

fraud ; 
They  strike  bargains  with  Assyria, 
And  they  carry  oil  to  Egypt. 
Yahweh  has  a  quarrel  with  Israel, 
To  punish  Jacob  according  to  his  ways; 
According  to  his  deeds  he  will  requite  him — 
In  the  womb  he  supplanted  his  brother. 


11:126[12:16]  And    Judah    is    still 
known  with  God, 
And  with  the  Holy  One 
is  faithful. 


12:36  [12:4  6]  In  his  man's  strength 
he  contended  with 
God. 

4  [5]    Yea,  he  contended 

with  the  angel  and 

prevailed. 
He  wept  and  besought 

mercy  of  him ; 
At  Bethel  he  met  him, 

and  there  he  spoke 

with  him. 

5  [6]    And  Yahweh  is  God  of 

hosts, 
Yahweh  is  his  name. 

6  [7]    So  thou  by  the  help  of 

thy    God     shouldst 

turn  back ; 
Kindness  and  justice 

do  thou  keep. 
And  wait  on  thy  God 

without  ceasing. 


42  The  Minor  Prophets 


^b  -IS  ^n^^rj 
'ib  \^r2"  ^<b  ''*rTy  b^ 

"':  xt:n  n-^rj^  '-"-i^b 
jnbV  mn^  ■d:^^'i     lo 


n^t^^zDH  by  ^nnmi     n     m 

ivjIN  ^b-n^-:;^  ^nsnni 
inzT  "'"D^iisb  bibra 

piiz:  ^7jbn  b:? 
cnx  n-iTL"  npy  n•^2'>^  13 
mrxn  bx-nr"^  "iny^i 


i2tjH?r    piljyb  ;    as   above,   Wellhadsen,   Nowack,  i-'iH?n  XUn  ;    as  above,  (5,  Wellhacsen,  Graetz, 

Marti.  Beer,  Valeton,  Nowack,  Oettli,  Marti. 

V2i £B.E.  lyiy'f  ;    as  above,  (5,  Wellhausen,  Graetz,  i2»iHjr     nyba   CX  ;     as     above,     5,     Wellhausen, 

Beee   (2.4  ir.,    Vol.  XIII,   p.   288),    Valeton,    Nowack,  Nowack,  Marti! 
Oettli,  Marti.  129 ^jt  r^i;-; ;  as  above,  Wellhausen,  Marti. 

i25j3aj[;  lb  ;  as  above,  (5,  Graetz,  Nowack,  Marti.  i.wi^iS:    Qn^^TlJ  ;    as    above,   Hitzig,   Wellhausen, 

v.!6iSl2r   ^17;    as   above,    <S,   Graetz,   Wellhausen,  Nowack,  Oort,  Oettli,  Marti. 
Nowack,  Beer,  Oettli,  Marti. 


HOSEA 


43 


II  7        [8j      Canaan  —  in  his  hand  are  false  balances; 

He  loves  to  defraud. 

8  [9]      And  does  Ephraim  say :   "Yes,  but  I  have 

become  rich; 
I  have  secured  for  myself  wealth"? 
(Let  him   know)   that    all    his  gains    are 

insufficient 
For  the  guilt  which  he  has  incurred. 

9  [10]      For  I,  Yahweh,  thy  God, 

From  the  land  of  Egypt, 

Will  again  make  thee  to  dwell  in  tents. 

As  in  the  days  of  the  festal  assembly. 

III  10       [11]      And  I  spoke  by  the  prophets; 

For  it  was  I  who  multiplied  vision, 

And  by   the  hand  of  the  prophets  gave 

parables. 
14       [15]       Ephraim  has  given  bitter  provocation 

And   his  bloodshed   he  will    leave   upon 

him. 
And  his  reproach  the  Lord  will  return  to 

him. 
11       [12]      In  Gilead   is  iniquity;    only  vanity  they 

have  wrought. 
In  Gilgal  they  sacrifice  to  demons. 
So  their  altars  shall  be  as  stone-heaps 
Among  the  furrows  of  the  field. 


13  [14]    And    by    a    prophet 

Yahweh  brought  Is- 
rael up  from  Egypt. 
And  by  a  prophet  he 
was  shepherded. 


12:12    [13]    And  Jacob  fled  to  the 
field  of  Aram, 
And  Israel  served  for 

a  wife ; 
Yea    for   a   wife    he 
herded  sheep. 


44 


The  Minor  Prophets 


§17.    THE   UTTER  DESTRUCTION  OF   ISRAEL,  13:1-11 

nm  D^^i&<  ^uiD  13:1 

:n-ri  bynn  D-i-xn 
&<t:nb  15CV  nnyi      2a,6 

nb j"  n""j;''^n  n-i'y^ 
n^n7:«  D-  D-b  '^''[n-rTbi<] 


:  -ip'c^  D^bs:?"  Di« 

^pn  ")"3-"D  rn^  -Db 

-bn  D^j'sT"^  bt:si 

■p:;7j  ■nrc  Y72D 


2  c       II 


7nb«  nin^  ■'sri^i 
yin-i<b  ^nbiT  o-^nb^^^ 

:  nini<bn  -psn 
pDin^'i  is-by  Dnb  on-'i 


4  III 


niiHiC  STD3  ;  as  above,  5,  Wellhacsen,  Geaetz, 
Valeton,  G.  a.  Smith,  Nowack,  Gettm. 

132 iHE  Dl^Sn?  ;    as  above,  Nowack;  cf.  G. 

l33Tliis  word  probably  dropped  out  of  iBE  on  account 
of  its  similarity  to  the  foUowiup;  so  Welliial'SEN, 
Nowack  ;  cf.  Stade,  ZA  W.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  12. 

134  iHC  ■'nnt  ;  on  above  reading,  see  Amos  and  Hosea, 
in  loc.  ' 


135  These  two  words  are  inserted  here  on  the  basis  of  <!5 
and  ,S ;  they  also  complete  a  lino  otherwise  too  short ;  cf. 
OORT  {Emendationcs). 

lifiiHJE  T^tpn^  ;  as  above,  (5,  S,  SebOk,  Wellhac- 
sen, Graetz,  Guthe,  Loftman,  G.  A.  Smith,  Marti. 

137  ^2E  ^7212  ;  as  above,  Gort;  cf.  <&  eU  nkeirnov^i'. 


HosEA  45 

§17.    THE  UTTER  DESTRUCTION  OF  ISRAEL,  13:1-11 

I  13:1        When  Ephraim  used  to  speak,  men  trem- 

bled; 

He  was  a  prince  in  Israel. 

Then  he  became  guilty  through  Baal  and 
died. 
2a,b  And  now  they  continue  to  sin; 

And  they  make  for  themselves  molten  gods ; 

From  their  silver,  idols  according  to  their 
own  model. 

Smiths'  work,  all  of  it ! 

To    such  they  say,  O  God ! 

II  2c      With  a  people  sacrificing  to  demons; 

With  men  kissing  calves! 
3        Therefore  they  shall  be  like  the  morning 
cloud, 
And  like  the  dew  that  early  passes  away; 
Like  the  chaff  which  whirleth  all  over  the 

threshing  floor. 
And  like  smoke  from  the  window. 

Ill  4        And  it  was  I,  Yahweh,  thy  God, 

Who  brought  thee  up  from  the  land  of 

Egypt, 
And  a  God  beside  me  thou  knowest  not, 
Nor  has  there  been  a  savior  except  me. 

5  It    was    I   who    shepherded    thee    in    the 

wilderness, 
In  the  land  of  drought. 

6  But  when  they  fed,  they  filled  themselves 

full. 
And  their  heart  was  lifted  up  and  conse- 
quently they  forgot  me. 


46 


The  Minor  Prophets 


Dnb  ni3c  y^p;j^i 

x^ubs  Dir  DbDs^ 

:Dyp2n  ni-xn  n^n 

■jr-ijri  5<i3i<  -Db:j  '*'n;:N 

'"!?j?ltiBl2J^'l  '"^"^TT  bbi 

:D^ni25i  -|b7j  -^b-nan 
^si<n  "b^j  "jb-"ni< 


IV 


18.  EPHRAIM  CONDEMNED  TO  SHEOL,  13:12—14:1 

D^nss  113?  nn:i  13:12 
lb  ii<2^  mbr-^bnn      13 
T^y^-sb  ny  ^s 

D"isi<  bij^'j:  T7J      14 
bi^^'jj  "jnt2p  '^'nnyj 


II 


i38fB8C  "IITSS;  as  above,  «5,  S,  F,  16  of  de  Rossi's 
MSS.,  Stuck,  Hitzio,  Wellhacsen,  Valeton,  Nowack, 
Oettli. 

139  jHE  T^nmlj ;  as  above,  «5,  G.  A.  Smith. 

140  jHsr  "»3  ;  as  above,  Nowack. 

1*1  ^SC  13  ;  as  above,  (S,  Oort,  Geaetz,  SebOk, 
ScHOLZ,  Valeton,  Guthe,  Driver  {Expositor,  3d  series. 
Vol.  V,  pp.  260«(/.),G.  A.  Smith,  Nowack,  Hal^vy,  Oettli, 
Marti. 


i42^a;  171J5  ;  as  above,  (5,  S,  and  most  commentators. 

n3iKE  Tl'iny~b3Sl  :  as  above,  Hoctsma,  Ooet, 
Wellhausen,  Valeton,  Guthe,  G.  A.  Smith,  Nowack, 
Oettli,  Marti;  cf.  5. 

144  iBC  TI^UDtbl ;  «is  above,  Houtsma,  Oort,  Well- 
hausen, Guthe,  G.  A.  Smith,  Nowack,  Marti;  cf.  (S. 

n->fflE  "^nX  ;  as  above,  ffi,  S,  Graetz,  et  al. 


HosEA  47 


IV  7        And  so  I  will  be  to  them  like  a  lion; 

Like  a  leopard  on  the  way  to  Assyria. 

8  I  will  fall  upon  them  like  a  bear  robbed 

of  its  young, 
And  will  tear  the  enclosure  of  their  hearts, 
And  there  will  I  devour  them  like  a  lion, 
While  wild  beasts  tear  them, 

9  I  am  thy  destruction,  O  Israel ! 
Yea,  who  is  thy  help? 

10  Where  is  thy  king  now,  that  he  may  save 

thee? 
Or  all  thy  princes,  that  they  may  rule  thee  ? 
Those  of  whom  thou  hast  said. 
Give  me  kings  and  princes. 

11  I  give  thee  kings  in  my  anger. 
And  I  take  them  away  in  my  wrath. 


§18.  EPHRAIM  CONDEMNED  TO  SHEOL,  13:12—16 

I  13:12        The  iniquity  of  Ephraim  is  gathered  up; 

His  sin  is  laid  by  in  store. 
13        The  pangs  of  childbirth  come  upon  him. 
He  is  an  unwise  son; 
For  at  this  time  he  should  not  stand 
In  the  mouth  of  the  womb. 

II  14        Shall   I   deliver  them   from   the   hand  of 

Sheol? 
Shall  I  redeem  them  from  death? 
Where  are  thy  plagues,  O  death? 
Where  thy  destruction,  O  Sheol? 
Repentance  is  hid  from  mine  eyes. 


48 


The  Minor  Prophets 


iry^j  ■2^'rr^  ^nip-j  ■^'-irx'^i 


15         III 


"pn^j^  D'^rj^n  14:1 


IV 


§19.    LATER   WORDS  OF  HOPE,  14:2-9 


Tnbs  mn-^'ny  bsmr-'  nmiD    ii:2      i 
O'lnm  CD'ay  inp       3  a 

iibx  TTas       3  6    II 
mt2  npn  117  xirn  bs 
nrriETT  '■•-"■'ip  rrabTr:"! 

^zy•^1D^•^  ^b  -mux       4  a,  b  m 

nrnbs  nir  n-asrsbi 
in-'  mrr^ab 

cnniTDTa  xsns       5      iv 
ra"i:  nnns 

bKiTcb  bi2D  nins?       6  a 


i^iKJE  Q^nijt  ]'^5  !  '''^  above,  Wellhausen,  e<  at.  iwffi  and  =S  contain  this  word;  it  is  also  necessary  to 

the  moasuro. 
H'iHE    TtJIi'^T ;    as    above,    Wellhausen,    Nowack, 
^^  ^^l  •■  isuiKS;  Q^'^p  ;  as  above,  «5,  ,S ;  Duhm,  Theologie  der 

Propheten,  p.  132;  OoRT,  Wellhausen,  Valeton,  Loft- 
us  ^E  ■ijj'ii^  ;  cf.  G.  A.  Smith.  man,  Nowack,  Maeti. 


HosEA  49 


ni  15        Although  he,  as  does  the  reed-grass  in  the 

midst  of  the  water,  show  fruitfnlness, 

There  shall  come  an  east  wind,  Yahweh's 
wind. 

Coming  up  from  the  wilderness; 

And  his  fountain  shall  dry  up,  and  his 
spring  shall  be  parched  ; 

While  he  will  strip  the  treasure. 

Consisting  of  all  precious  vessels. 

IV  13:16  [14:1]       Samaria  shall  bear  her  guilt ; 

For  she  has  rebelled  against  her  God ; 
They  shall  fall  by  the  sword. 
Their  children  shall  be  dashed  in  pieces. 
And    their    women    with    child    shall    be 
ripped  up. 


19.    LATER  WORDS  OF  HOPE,  14:1-8  [2-9] 


I     14:1      [14:2]         Return,  O  Israel,  unto  Yahweh  thy 
God. 
For    thou    hast    stumbled    in    thine 
iniquity. 
2  a        [3  a]     Take  with  you  words 

And  return  unto  Yahweh  thy  God. 

II  2  6        [3  6]      Say  unto  him: 

Do  thou  wholly  remove  iniquity  and 

accept  that  which  is  good  ; 
So  will  we  pay  the  fruit  of  our  lips; 
3c         [4  cj      For  in  thee  the  orphan  finds  mercy. 

III  3  o,  6    [4  a,  6]  Assyria  shall  not  save  us. 

We  will  not  ride  upon  horses  (from 

Egypt) ; 
And  we  will  no  more  say  "our  God," 
To  the  work  of  our  hands. 

IV  4  [5]         I  will  heal  their  backsliding; 

I  will  love  them  freely. 
Now  that  my  anger  is  turned  away 
from  them, 
.5  a       [6  a]      I  will  be  as  the  dew  unto  Israel. 


50 


The  Minor  Prophets 


i52]aD  ^iTini  inn^-i 


nnrTOD  n-ist     6  6    v 
mn  n^TD  ■'n-'i     7 

D"'32yb  Tir  '■■nb"n'a  o'^nsx     9      vi 


§20.    THE  LESSON  TO  BE  LEARNED,  14:10 


nbx  p^T  Dsn  ■''a 
:d3  nbicD''  D-^yTDsn 


14:10 


151  ^C  ''ytD^  ;  as  above,  <5,  S,  5E,  and  Gort,  Well- 
HAusEN,  Valeton,  Loftman,  G.  a.  Smith,  Nowack, 
Oettli,  Hal^vy,  Makti. 

'^-15T  ^'^n'' ;   as  above,  (S  and  G.  A.  Smith. 

TT     T  -     ■■ 


i53j©jr  np  ;  as  above,  (5,  Newcome,  Ewald,  Orelli, 
Wellhausen,  Graetz,  Loftman,  G.  A.  Smith,  Nowack, 
Gort  (.Emendationes),  Gettli,  Marti. 


HOSEA 


51 


V        56   [6  6]    He  shall  blossom  as  the  lily 

And    his    roots    shall    sprout    like 
Lebanon.* 
6      [7]       And    his  beauty  shall   be    like    the 
olive  tree, 
And  his  smell  like  Lebanon. 

VI       8      [9]       Ephraim,  what  more  has  he  to  do 
with  idols? 
I  respond  to  him  and  look  after  him. 
I  am  like  an  evergreen  cypress ; 
From  me  is  thy  fruit  found. 


♦And    his    saplings    shall 
spread. 


7  [8]  They  shall  return   and 

dwell  in  his  shadow, 
And  they  shall  live  well 

watered  like  a  garden ; 
And  they  shall    sprout 

like  the  vine; 
Their  renown  like  the 

wine  of  Lebanon. 


120.    THE  LESSON  TO  BE  LEAKNED,  14:9  [10] 

14:9  [14:10]    Whoso  is  wise,  let  him  discern  these 
things; 
Prudent,  then  let  him  know  them. 
For  Yahweh's  ways  are  straight. 
The  righteous  walking  in  them, 
But  sinners  stumbling  by  them. 


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